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8. Donald Barr "Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty?: Dilemmas in American Education" Atheneum, New York, l97l

10. Jerome Bruner. The Relevance of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. 1971

References:     

1. Allport, G. The Nature of Personality, Addison-Wesley, 1950

 Beck, W. Modern Science and the Nature of Life, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1961.

Bronowski, J. The Ascent of Man London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1973. 

. Jacob Bronowski. The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination. New Haven:, Conncticut: Yale University Press 1978.

4. Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1972

 6. Gordon Childe, Archeology and History, chapter 1, What Happened in History. Harmondsforth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1942.

4. Comenius, J. The Great Didactic, Classics in Education, (Wade Baskin ed., New York: Philosophical Library,(date?)

 5. Dobjansky T. Human Nature as a Product of Evolution  Ed. Abraham Maslow New Knowledge in  Human Values New York: Harper Brothers 1959.

6. Fritz R. Path of Least Resistance Salem, MA: DMA Inc. Pickering Way, 1984.

2. Forem J. 'Transcendental Meditation': Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the Science of Creative Intelligence New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.,Inc. l974

4. Fritz R. Path of Least Resistance Chapter Three: Reactive-Responsive Orientation Robert Fritz. Salem, MA: DMA Inc. Pickering Way, 1984.

 Fromm, E. Escape from Freedom. New York: Rinehart, l94l.

Fromm, Erich.(freedom as self-realization) . Fromm, Erich. Man for Himself: an Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York, l947

8. Gardner H. 1993. The Theory of Multiple Intellignces: The Theory in Practice. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

9 Heidelbreder, Edna. The Seven Psychologies, NY 1933

10. Horney, Karen . The Neurotic Peronality of our Time. W.W. Norton & Co. New York, 1947

11. Horney, Karen, M.D. Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc. 1956

11. Morton Hunt. The Universe Within: A New Science Explores the Human Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster.1982

12. James, William. Principles of Psychology

13. James, William. Talks to Teachers on Psychology and Students on Some of Life's Ideals.

14 Korzybski, A. Science and Sanity

15. Levine R.A. and Whyte, M.I. Human Conditions. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986

 Lowry, Richard J., A.H. Maslow: An Intellectual Portrait Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Monterey, California, l973)

2. Juan Mascaro (translator). Notes from The Bhagavad Gita, translated from Sanskrit. London: Penguin Books, 1962

16.  Maslow A. Toward a Psychology of Being 2nd. ed., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., l968, ('The Science of Value', Robert Hartman in Maslow A.H. ed. New Knowledge in Human Values. Harper, 1959.

17. Maslow  Farther Reaches of Human Nature

 18. Maslow, A. A Theory of Metamotivation: The Biological Rooting of the Value-Life in Walsh and Vaughan Beyond Ego pp l22-l31

 Montessori The Absorbent Mind

19. Morris, C.W. Varieties of Human Values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956

20.  Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape

 21. Montessori The Absorbent Mind

22. Overstreet H.A. The Mature Mind New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc. 1949.

23.  Rogers, Carl. Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human Real People Press, Lafayette, California l967

24. Rogers. C. Freedom to Learn Charles Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus Ohio l969 From chapter l2 A modern approach to the valuing process 239-257

25. Rogers C. Toward a Theory of Creativity, in "Creativity and its Cultivation", New York: Harper, l959

26. Smith, H. The Religions of Man New York, Harper and Brothers l958

27. Smith, H The Sacred Unconscious. In R. Walsh and D.Shapiro eds. "Beyond Health and Normality": explorations of extreme psychological well-being." New York, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, )

Tolman, E.C. "Cognitive maps in rats and men." Psychological Review, 1948, 55(4), 189-204

 5. Tweedie, J. In the Name of Love. London: Granada Publishing, 1979.

28. Waddington The Ethical Animal essay.... An analysis of the transition from biological to biosocial evolution.

29. Walsh, R. and Shapiro, D. eds. "Beyond Health and Normality: Explorations of Extreme Psychological Well-being," New York: Van Nostrand, Rheinhold,  

 David Watson. The Study of Human Nature. Antioch, Ohio: Antioch Press,1953

30.   Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh.Maharishi, The Science of Being and Art of Living. International SRM Publications, l966,

 quotations:

"Planfulness and looking into the future are of the central stuff of healthy human nature." (Allport, G. The Nature of Personality, Addison-Wesley, 1950)

 "In accordance with biological theory and the evolutionary process, self-actualization increases the person''s autonomy and independence of the environment, defining full individuality and 'true' freedom" (Allport Becoming Yale Univ Press 1955)

"As the essential Being of the world is perceived by the person, so also does he concurrently come closer to his own Being, to his own perfection, of being more perfectly himself." (Abraham Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 95)

"The understanding of nature has as its goal the understanding of human nature, and of the human condition within nature." (Bronowski, J. The Ascent of Man, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1973. 5)

____________________________________________________________________________

...T BEHAVIOR - SURVIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AS A SOCIAL SPECIES DEPENDS ON INTELLIGENT AND MORAL BEHAVIOUR - ON SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE..

"Making choices and decisions according to his own organismic valuing process, the individual lives by values which facilitate his own survival, adaptation, self-enhancement and the enhancement of the human race. Like other species of the animal kingdom, Homo Sapiens, the social human animal, naturally behaves in accordance with an organismic valuing process which enables him to adapt to his changing social environment .... With the recognition of the potential universality of the organismic valuing process of the human being, the perplexing issues of 'values' and ethics could be resolved." (Carl Rogers)

DATA OF HUMAN NATURE FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

   HUMAN NATURE REVEALED THROUGH PSYCHOANALYSIS

 characteristics of human nature are discovered in psychoanalysis...

Significance of psychoanalysis as providing data for he scientific study of human nature

Data is provided by the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy... including psychoanalysis and the so-called 'uncovering therapies' which are involved with the discovery of the real self'.... purport to uncover, rather than construct, the deepest self... covered over by conditioning, bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. What the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of his own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him. The most real self partly consists of wishes, impulses and instinctive desires which may be called needs because psychopathology results if they are not fulfilled.

  Psychoanalysis is a scientific tool which reveals the characteristics of human nature. 

 "Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.' The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses, psychoses etc. has provided abundant evidence that men's bad and evil behavior results from frustration in his efforts toward self-actualization. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy." (Maslow Psychology of Being, 177)  

 Providing important data in the search for values, psychoanalysis could be regarded as a significant process in the efforts of philosophers to formulate a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.' A 'science of values' would constitute a significant basis for the formulation of a 'science of education.' Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or science of ethics.'

The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses, psychoses (so-called 'mental illness') etc. has provided abundant evidence that men's bad and evil behavior results from frustration in his efforts toward self-actualization. ..psychoanalysis as an 'uncovering' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological - instinctoid - core of human nature. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy. The techniques of therapy and self-discovery are cognitive tools or scientific methods for scientific research about human nature

The 'science of ethics' refers to the study of the development of the individual's intrinsic value system. An individual's value system is the product of the totality of the individual's thought processes within the context of experiences in a changing social environment. The values which form the guidelines for living result from the individual's educational experiences. (Fromm, Erich. "Man for Himself: an Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics." Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York, l947)

"The crucial question to be asked is: can science discover the values by which men should live? I think it can and I have advanced this thesis in various places supporting it with whatever data I could muster ...the data I turn to first are the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy, starting with Freud and continuing up to the present day in most therapies that have to do with discovering the identity or Real Self...'uncovering therapies'...they purport to uncover (more than to construct) the deepest self which has been covered over by bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. All these therapies agree in finding that this most real self partly consists of needs, wishes, impulses and instinctlike desires. These may be called needs because they must be fulfilled or psychopathology 'neurosis' results. Neurosis is a deficiency disease... It is these needs, 'instinctoid' in nature', that we can also think of as built-in values - values not only in the sense that the organism wants and seeks them but also in the sense that they are both good and necessary for the organism. It is these values which are found, uncovered - recovered, perhaps we should say, in the course of psychotherapy or self-discovery. We may then regard these techniques of therapy and self-discovery as being also cognitive tools or scientific methods (in the sense that they are the best methods we have available today These particlar kind of data.) It is in this sense at least that I would maintain that science in the broadest sense can and does discover what human values are, what the human being needs in order to live a good and happy life, what he needs in order to avoid illness what is good for him and what is bad for him. ...What the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him..." Maslow, A. The Psychology of Science: A Reconaissance. New York and London: Harper and Row 1966 page 114-118)

"The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy." (Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177)  

 Psychoanalytic therapies help the individual uncover the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify. They help the individual to 'search for his identity'. An individual's search for identity is essentally a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species. See "the Science of Value' Robert Hartman in Maslow A.H. ed. 'New Knowledge in Human Values' Harper, 1959 "As the essential Being of the world is perceived by the person, so also does he concurrently come closer to his own Being, to his own perfection, of being more perfectly himself." (95)

This inner core of human nature includes the basic physiological and psychological needs, the inborn capacities and talents, and the biologically based values inherent in the intrinsic yearnings and preferences. The denial or frustration of any of these needs, capacities or yearnings leads to psychopathology which can be manifested as 'evil.'

Providing important data in the search for values, psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process in the efforts of philosophers for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics' - and the basis for formulating a science of education. Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.'

. help to expose the roots of biologically based intrinsic values... They help the individual to 'search for his identity'by uncovering the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify..

 An individual's search for identity is essentally a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species.(Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177)

The characteristics of human nature and the natural valuing process are discovered in psychotherapy. ..psychoanalysis as uncovering natural values.. psychoanalysis provides knowledge of human nature and human values... .. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are the 'uncovering therapies' for self-discovery. ... provide valid data to support the theory of the biological basis for the guiding principles of morality and ethics.

Data from psychoanalysis indicate that human values are biologically rooted within the consciousness of the human organism. The biological principles of morality and ethics are based on inborn biological necessity and basic human needs....'instinctoid' in nature'... guiding values - the built-in or 'intrinsic'values... values which are both good and necessary for the organism are found, uncovered or recovered in the course of self-discovery during psychotherapy... ...children's spiritual growth. ... individual reacts as a whole, as an organism, developing altered orientations and behaviours in response to injury or illness ....noetic or holistic approach to the behavior of the organism as a whole.. 'noetic' (wholistic) human aspects of human nature as selected for in evolution of human organism Biological basis of spiritual life is survival oriented

 The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity. ...development of the individual's intrinsic value system. An individual's value system is the product of the totality of the thought processes within the context of experiences in a changing social environment. The values which form the guidelines for living ...

The nature of the human personality or 'human nature' is a function of complete human development... the mind which has developed its human powers... the psychologically developed... the 'mature mind'... characterised by a philosophical sense of the whole or 'holistic perception'. (The 'immature mind' is a function of arrested human development i.e. 'neurotic development' or 'neurosis' and does not represent true human nature).

 THWARTED PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROBLEMS OF ETHICS: PROBLEMS OF VALUES AND "ETHICS" - GOOD/BAD, EVIL/VIRTUE ETC. RESULT FROM EGO CENTERED MENTAL PROCESSES. The distortion in perception results from neurosis - a deficiency disease. irrational fears etc. of immaturity. EGO-CENTERED MENTAL PROCESS DICHOTOMIZES AND DISTORTS REALITY:

The findings of psychiatry and psychoanalysis have shown that sound psychological health is measured by the degree to which people relate to other people. ...psychic health and neurosis linked up with ethics... neurosis represents a moral problem.

The failure to achieve maturity and integration of the whole personality is a moral failure

EXTERNAL SYSTEMS OF VALUES OR 'ETHICS' ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT HUMAN NATURE IS BAD, CORRUPT...

A 'SCIENCE OF ETHICS' OR "SCIENTIFIC ETHICS" INVOLVES QUESTIONING THE ASSUMPTION SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: DATA IN SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE ...PSYCHOLANALYSIS AS CONTRIBUTING TO SUBJECTIVE BIOLOGY... DATA FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS ...INNER BIOLOGICAL CORE OF HUMAN NATURE REVEALED BY PSYCHOANALYSIS data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. biology of values, conscience etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems.

Fromm's thesis: "values are rooted in the very conditions of human existence; hence our knowledge of these conditions, that is, of the 'human situation', leads us to estabishing values which have objective validity; this validity exists only with regard to the existence of man; outside of him there are no values."

The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy.

SUBJECTIVE BIOLOGY "The looking within for the real self is a kind of 'subjective biology' for it must include an effort to become conscious of one's own constitutional, temperamental, anatomical, physiological and biochemical needs, capacities and reactions i.e. one's biological individuality. It is also the path to experiencing one's specieshood, one's commoness with all other members of the human species. That is, it is a way to experiencing our biological brotherhood with all human beings no matter what their external circumstances." (185)

1. external systems of values and ethics based on the assumption that human nature is bad, corrupt, evil etc. (the premise 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad'assumption human nature is evil, bad etc.)

 CONCLUSION FROM FINDINGS IN PSYCHONALYTIC THERAPIES: There is abundant evidence from the findings of traditional psyschology that 'evil' human behavior is a result of the frustration of natural human development. 3. data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems. The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity. (Maslow Psychology of Being) .

Restoring contact with oneself, with one's experiencing, gaining self-confidence with growth, living in harmony with oneself etc.(SeeGendlin, E.T. Experiencing: a variable in the process of therapeutic change, American Journal of Psychotherapy, l961, l5, 233-245. and Gendlin, E.T. Experiencing and the creation of meaning. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Division of the Macmillan Co., l962)

  characteristics of human nature are discovered in psychotherapy.

 psychotherapist Carl Rogers provides data on the valuing process in the developing human being... Observations provide data on behavioural characteristics which emerge as persons become more mature.

 Rogers observes a number of value directions which appear to be common to all human beings, regardless of cultural influences. They all have in common the tendency "to favor the development of the individual  himself, of others in the community and to contribute to the survival and evolution of his species." (252) He speculates that with complete freedom to choose his own value directions, the mature human being would tend to live by a valuing process with the following characteristic tendencies: (253)

Negatively valued are pretense, defensiveness, imperative behaviour ("I ought"), and concern with expectations of others.  Positively valued are an individual's authenticity, self-direction in decision making, sense of worthiness of himself and his feelings, excitement in the process of growth and of potentialites in the process of unfolding, openness to his own feelings, sensitivity to and acceptance of others, deep relationships, openness to all his inner and outer experience and to the realities of the objective world. These and others constitute an underlying thread of commonality observed in human beings who grow to maturity within an environment of respect for their inner freedom and prizing of their individuality.

Those objects and experiences which contribute to the individual's own growth and development, and the growth and  development of others are naturally valued. In a growth promoting climate, regardless of culture, the human organism seems to prefer goals which contribute to his own self-actualization and socialization. Given the opportunity to grow to maturity in a climate of freedom and respect, the individual would be devoid of conceived values. Making choices and decisions according to his own organismic valuing process, the individual lives by values which facilitate his own survival, adaptation, self-enhancement and the enhancement of the human race. Like other species of the animal kingdom, Homo Sapiens, the social human animal, naturally behaves in accordance with an organismic valuing process which enables him to adapt to his changing social environment -the nature of man. With the recognition of the potential universality of the organismic valuing process of the human being, the perplexing issues of 'values' and ethics could be resolved.

Intrinsic valuing process and 'operative values'...   "The living human being has, at the outset, a clear approach to values. He prefers some things and experiences and rejects others. We can infer from studying his behaviour that he prefers those experiences which maintain, enhance, or actualize his organism, and rejects those which do not serve this end. Watch him for a bit... The infant's 'values' are clearly obvious to anyone observing his behaviour and his reactions. Hunger is negatively valued and food is positively valued. But when the hunger is satisfied then food is negatively valued. Security is positively valued. Affection is positively valued because it communicates security. New experience is valued. Pleasure is gained from the satisfaction of curiosity. Pain, bitter tastes and sudden loud sounds are negatively valued. The infant reacts overtly and gives expression to his likes and dislikes. He naturally likes what is good for him dislikes what is bad for him. The approach to 'values' which is demonstrated by the infant is a flexible, changing, valuing process, not a fixed system... Unlike many of us, he knows what he likes and dislikes, and the origin of these value choices lies strictly within himself. He is the center of the valuing process, the evidence for his choices being spplied by his own senses... He likes a food and then dislikes the same food. He values security and then rejects it in favor of new experience. He is not influenced by anyone but is reacting as a biological organism operating within an environment in which it must satisfy its ultimate need for self-actualization. The 'values' expressed by the infant are 'operative' values".(Rogers 242-243)

The change in the valuing process depends on extent to which the child is 'loved' (unconditional love as opposed to 'possessive love') : The growing child needs love. Throughout his development, he learns that not all behaviour in his own self-interest is accepted within the context of the culture in which he grows up. In his efforts to retain the love and affection which he needs, he gradually relinquishes the operative values which are beneficial to his own development. He accepts instead the culturally conceived values of others. He learns to distrust his own experiencing as a guide for his behaviour. And he learns to distrust his own valuing process in evaluating his own behaviour. His own self-evaluation is gradually replaced by the evaluation of others, his parents and other adults in the society. Trying to behave in accordance with the values imposed on him, he introjects the values of the others as his own value system. He modifies his own fluid and changing valuing process  by incorporating externally imposed concepts. The modified valuing process tends to be fixed and rigid. In this way, the natural valuing process, as exemplified by the infant's behaviour, is gradually modified by the introjection of cultural values. In their efforts to retain the love and acceptance of others in the society, individuals in the American culture subscribe to value patterns which include the following introjections of conceived values: the positively valued introjections of obedience, making money, accumulation of factual knowledge, clever cheating, love of neighbour, and the negatively valued introjections of leisure activity, individual and emotional self-expression. "By taking over the conceptions of others as our own, we lose contact with the potential wisdom of our own functioning and lose confidence in ourselves. Since these value constructs are often sharply at variance with what is going on in our own experiencing, we have in a very basic way divorced ourselves from ourselves, and this accounts for much strain and insecurity. This fundamental discrepancy between the individual's concepts and what he is actually experiencing, between the intellectual structure of his values and the valuing process going on unrecognized within him - this is a part of the fundamental estrangement of modern man from himself." (Rogers 247)

Meaningful learning is experiential learning... 'Education' is futile if it involves the learning of material which has no personal meaning. Learning which does not involve the learner's feelings has no relevance for the whole person and is insignificant. Significant learning involves thought and feelings. Left to his own devices a child learns rapidly and effectively he learns from experience. Learning with a quality of personal involvement - This is called 'experiential learning'. (p.243)

Carl Rogers proposes two hypotheses which could be tested with the methods of science. First, "there is an organismic base for an organized valuing process within the human individual." In accordance with the biological need for self-preservation and adaptation, the human organism has the natural capacity to adjust its behaviour and reactions to a continuously changing environment. Second, "the valuing process in the human being is effective in achieving self-enhancement to the degree that the individual is open to the experiencing which is going on within himself." The infant and the psychologically mature person are examples of individuals whose valuing process is in harmony with their own experiencing. A child's proper inner development depends on proper relationships with adults. He must be prized as a separate person with the freedom to experience his own feelings and those of others without feeling  threatened. The adults should be able to understand with empathy the child's need for freedom of self-expression.

(See study of Barett-Lennard, G.T. Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs, l962, 76 43, Whole no. 562)

The AIM OF EDUCATION is to foster the development of persons who are inwardly free. He observes a number of value directions which appear to be common to all human beings, regardless of cultural influences. They all have in common the tendency "to favor the development of the individual himself, of others in the community and to contribute to the survival and evolution of his species." (Freedom To Learn 252) He speculates that with complete freedom to choose his own value directions, the mature human being would tend to live by a valuing process with the following characteristic tendencies: (253)

"...It is in fact nothing short of a miracle that the modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiostiy of inquiry; for this delicate little plant, aside  from stimulation, stands mainly in need of freedom; without  this it goes to rack and ruin without fail."

References Carl Rogers. Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human Real People Press, Lafayette, California l967

                     Carl Rogers. Freedom To Learn Charles Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus Ohio l969 (see chapter l2 A modern Approach to the Valuing Process pp. 239-257)

Reality is a product of psychology... a function of the individual's mode of thinking ('stream of thought') their awareness of their own identity i.e. their state of 'consciousness'

Consciousness (or 'intelligent mind') is an intensely active mental process which is continually engaged in interpreting the raw data of immediately felt experience. Consciousness is life itself. The intelligent mind is always the seat of simultaneous possibilities and the individual is constantly choosing which of several possible selves to become from how he perceives experience. In the process of adapting to the environment, the mind is influenced by it and reacts to it in an actively creative way. The intelligent mind is not only a mirror which reflects the world and adapts passively but engages actively in a process of transforming the world. Human affairs are based on voluntarism, not determinism... the functional view of psychology. The key concept of functional psychology is consciousness.

 It is the theories of capitalism and consumerism with their emphasis on 'products' which ultimately contributes to declining academic standards on all levels of the educational system. In the capitalistic culture, there is an arbitrary and conventional concept of what underlies appearance or 'reality'. Reality according to the cultural point of view is specifically equated with the way in which the world is perceived in waking state awareness i.e. 'state-specific'. This state specific reality, established as a cultural norm ('normative reality') is a pathological view which denies access or credibility to reality as perceived in other states of consciousness. The normative reality ignores the individual's instinctive striving for self-realization and prevents the natural development of moral responsibility. It mistrusts the individual's inner freedom. This leads to misinterpretation of the life of contemplation and meditation. It devalues natural human needs and metaneeds and discourages the individual's self-expression. This leads to the denigration of the intuitive and emotional aspects of intellectual development and creative intelligence.

 Psychoanalytic thought gives a prominent place to the concept of state-bound test of reality or 'reality-testing'. Reality testing from the viewpoint of the multiplicity of states of consciousness does not deal with the concept of levels of reality or 'levels of consciousness'. (The complementary Eastern pathology is to see reality as wholly other than that of waking awareness, and so dismisses the physical world as illusory). The individual's perception of the cultural or social 'reality' is reflected in the thought patterns and behaviour of functional language.

Human nature is a function of creative intelligence…the science of human nature is also known as the 'science of creative intelligence'. Human nature as 'the human personality' is an open natural system which is subjected to the forces of a changing environment and can only be understood from the perspective of systems approach and 'systems thinking' of systems theory. Human nature can be defined in terms of the integrated functioning of intrinsic motives for behaviour or 'instincts', feelings, volitions, aspirations, reasoning capacities involved in the continual striving for steady state equilibrium required for adaptation to changing environmental conditions i.e. 'adaptability'. Human adaptability depends on 'creative intelligence'.

The word 'creative' refers to an ever present cause of change. 'Intelligence' is a basic quality of existence exemplified by the purpose and order of change; 'creative intelligence' refers to the flow of creative and directed energy. The science of human nature is the 'science of creative intelligence'. The science of creative intelligence (science: systematic investigation... ) was initiated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi  who graduated from Allahabad University as a physics major. n his first book He wrote The Science of Being and Art of Living in which he defines human nature. It is the science of human nature... the study of the nature, origin,  range, development and application of creative intelligence. Any 'science' is a 'science' because it brings to our awareness an aspect of nature which exists already but the existence of which we were unaware before the 'science' discovered it and made us aware of it. In the 'science of 'physics' Newton made us aware of the force of gravity Freud's scientific discoveries made us aware of the unconscious level of the human mind. The science of creative intelligence makes us aware of the multidimensional character of human nature. 

The human being's creative intelligence allows him to live the highest values spontaneoously and naturally. Creative intelligence is the 'spontaneous unfolding of life.' (78)

Knowledge has subjective and objective aspects. The objective aspect of knowledge is experience. The subjective aspect of knowledge is understanding which comes from meditation and thought in the mind of the fully developed human being. The inner field of intelligence and creativity can be experienced in transcendental meditation. With both aspects -experience and understanding - knowledge is complete. Experience (objective knowledge) is incomplete without understanding (subjective knowledge). True 'knowledge' is based on the union of the 'knower' (subjective knowledge) and the 'known' (objective knowledge). In the process of 'knowing' the 'knower' is connected with the 'known.' Without the 'knowledge' of the 'knower,' the 'knowledge is incomplete. Locating the object of the 'knowing' is much easier than locating the knowledge of the subjective 'knower'. The science of creative intelligence is the study of the location of the subjective 'knower,' the source of the thought process. The extent of awareness of the 'knower,' the state of consciousness, determines the extent of comprehension of the 'known.' "Knowledge is structured in consciousness." In order for the 'known' to be fully comprehended in all its aspects, wholistically, the knower' must be fully developed in his humanness and therefore creatively intelligent when experiencing the objective 'known.' As knowledge of experience, the 'known,' is incomplete without understanding on the part of the fully developed, creatively intelligent 'knower,' (so education is incomplete if it does not foster the full development of the individual, his creative intelligence.) Action based on incomplete knowledge, in the absence of creative intelligence, is non-creative and even destructive. Action based on complete knowledge, in the presence of creative intelligence, is creative and gains fulfillment. Action  based on incomplete knowledge, in the  absence of creative intelligence, is non-creative and even destructive. Action based on complete knowledge, in the presence of creative intelligence, is creative and gains fulfillment. (See Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Science of Being and Art of Living. International SRM Publications, l966)

reference: Jack Forem Transcendental Meditation: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the Science of Creative Intelligence.  New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. l974

The inner field of intelligence and creativity can be experienced in transcendental meditation.

 The individual in the modern technological society must be acquainted with an increasing amount of objective knowledge. He must be able to make responsible decisions for himself in order to survive and adapt to the demands of the society. Therefore his need for subjective development must be acknowledged, respected and prioritized in the educational institution which is responsible for his 'education.'

The inner field of intelligence and creativity can be experienced in transcendental meditation.

 levels of consciousness etc.

 "How is growth accomplished? Through a series of changes. Without change there can be no development. And indeed, the most characteristic quality of life as we know it is change. Life is eternally changing, and the inevitable flow of life from one event  or state to another is an eternal truth ."(l9)

Man has within him "a pressure ...toward unity of personality, toward spontaneous expressiveness, toward full individuality and identity, toward seeing the truth rather than being blind, toward being crdeative, toward being good, and a lot else."(Ibid., p. l55) Man demonstrates this "pressure toward  fuller and fuller Being, more and more perfect actualization of his humanness in exactly the same naturalistic, scientific sense that an acorn may be said to be 'pressing toward' being an oak tree, or that a tiger can be observed to 'push toward' being tigerish." (Ibid., p.l60) Carl Rogers describes "man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities, (to manifest) the directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life - the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature - the tendency to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."(Carl Rogers, Toward a Theory of Creativity, in Creativity and its Cultivation, New York: Harper, l959) p.72  

"Life has an inherent tendency to grow, to expand, to express potentialities." (Erich "Escape from Freedom" New York: Rinehart, l94l) p.269 "It looks as though there were a single ultimate value for mankind, a far goal toward which all men strive. This is called variously, self-actualization, self-realization, integration, psychological health...but they all agree that this amounts to realizing the potentialities of the person, that is to say, becoming fully human, everything that the person can become" (Abraham Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 2nd. ed., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., l968, p. 153)

The natural tendency of the mind is to move in the direction of greater happiness. (p.36) The mind's attention naturally shifts to the more enjoyable situation. The technique of transcendental meditation utilizes this natural tendency of the mind to wander in search of fulfillment. Based on the very stucture of life, it is entirely natural. It is a way of "allowing our authentic human nature to express itself, released from the bondage of stress and tension, which  have nothing to do with what we really are. Stress is not natural to life." (75) Stress can be removed by deep rest such as that obtained in transcendental meditation.(75) Projecting the attention outward through the senses thwarts the mind's natural tendency to shift towards the realm of creative intelligence, the union ('yoga' in Sanscrit) of the never-changing aspect of life (Absolute) and the ever-changing aspect of life (relative). "This integration of life's inner and outer phases is an effortless process, involving neither concentration nor control."(38) "The habit of the mind has been to search outside, to be turned toward external objects of experience in its search for happiness."(37) "The laws of our own nature carry us to our fulfillment."(37)

the higher self is the source of  personal power

pain of being human.... people are a product of their negative family scripts which can be changed by learning to communicate with feelings.

   The human personality or ‘human nature’ as context for crisis of personal transformation or ‘spiritual emergency'... The combination of Western scientific research with Eastern psychologies such as Buddhism has resulted in new concepts which shed light on the nature of the human personality or 'psyche' i.e.‘human nature’. Human nature is a social nature and the human orgaanism is a social organism which can be characterised in terms of the biological needs for growth.. Human growth is a function of socialisation and therefore a function of the development of moral consciousness or 'conscience'. Complete development of human conscience depends on fulfillment of motives for natural human behaviour i.e. 'human needs'. As well as the obvious physiological needs, human needs include so-called 'lower' psychological needs for self-esteem - the 'ego needs' - and the so-called 'higher' psychological needs for development of the transpersonal or ‘spiritual’’ dimension of the human psyche i.e. the spiritual needs or 'metaneeds'. The metaneeds are the subconscious needs for awareness of human values for living i.e. 'social values' or 'human values'. Human values are the moral values or universal spiritual values required for survival of the species as a social species… moral justice, compassionate wisdom, universal love, knowledge as understanding, social responsibility or ‘peace’. Awareness of human values results in heightened intuition and increased awareness of social intelligence which is necessary for creative adaptation to changing social conditions i.e. 'adaptability'. Human adaptability depends on evolution from athe egocentric perspective to the transpersonal perspective of emotional maturity. Spiritual growth is usually gradual and fluid and results in 'spiritual awakening' or 'spiritual emergence'. If spiritual growth is blocked for any reason, the individual as a social organism is warned that their growth is in grave danger and that adjustments need to be made which are essential for adaptation and self-preservation. Consequently the transformation process becomes so rapid and dramatic that it is uncontrollable and reaches a point of crisis. The sensory experiences become so intense, chaotic and overwhelming that it is too distressing for the person to bear and they experience psychic overload. In this way spiritual emergence becomes a ‘spiritual crisis', transformation crisis or 'spiritual emergency' - also known as  transpersonal experience, psycho-spiritual transformation, transpersonal crisis, psycho-spiritual crisis, the spiritual journey, hero's journey, dark night of the soul, spiritual opening, psychic opening, psychic awakening, spiritual awakening, enlightenment, kundalini awakening, shamanic crisis, mysticism, gnosis, the psychotic-visionary episode, dark night of the soul, ego death, the alchemical process, positive disintegration, post traumatic stress disorder with psychotic features and so on. The person learns to grow beyond fear based ego-consciousness and the expectations of others implied in cultural conditioning. The person evolves to a new level of awareness or 'higher consciousness state' of spiritual renewal and emotional liberation allowing the discovery of ideas and behaviours in the affirmation of life of total well-being or 'high level wellness'. Spiritual emergency is a  process of healing which is characterised by spontaneous alternative consciousness states or ‘realities' and involves the positive transformation of the self. As a sign of health spiritual emergency is a part of the human condition and a concern of so-called 'depth psychology' or 'transpersonal psychology'.

EVOLUTION "Human instincts are weak compared with instincts of other species of animal. In order to survive the young of the human species must acquire large amounts of information from older members of the group. The young of the human species depends on a particularly human instinct, the instinct to learn - known as the 'introjective instinct'. The young of the human species makes a part of his character the standards of the parents and significant adults in his social environment. The child 'introjects' or incorporates into his own natural valuing process his perception of the 'values' of the significant adults -wishes, demands, hates, scorns and so on are perceived as values. If the parents are weak and infantile, their weakness is introjected as strength and the resulting internalized images can have a malignant effect on the child's development. (Donald Barr. Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty?: Dilemmas in American Education. New York: Atheneum 1971)

 "...human evolution is rooted in man's adaptability and in certain indestructible qualities of his nature which compel him never to cease his search for conditions better adjusted to his instrinsic needs." (Erich Fromm. Man For Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1947 p. 23)

 "Our species, man in the widest sense, has succeeded in surviving and multiplying chiefly by improving his equipment for living, as I have explained at length in Man Makes Himself. As with other animals, it is chiefly through his equipment that man acts on and reacts to the external world, draws sustenance therefrom and escapes its perils - in technical language adapts himself to his environment or even adjusts his environment to his needs. Man's equipment, however, differs significantly from that of other animals. These carry their whole equipment about with them as parts of their bodies; the rabbit carries paws to dig with, the lion claws and teeth for tearing his prey, the beaver carpenter's tusks, most beasts hairy or furry coats to keep in warmth - the tortoise even caries his house on his back. Man has very little equipment of this sort and has discarded some that he started with during prehistoric times. It is replaced by tools, extracorporeal organs that he makes, uses and discards at will; he makes picks and shovels for digging, weapons for killing game and enemies, adzes and axes for cutting wood, clothing to keep him warm in cold weather, houses of wood , brick or stone to provide shelter. Some very early 'men' indeed had projecting canine teeth set in very massive jaws that would be quite dangerous weapons, but these have disappeared in modern man whose dentures will not inflict mortal wounds. As with other animals, there is of course a bodily physiological basis to man's equipment. It may be summed up in two words, hands and brains. Relieved of the burden of carrying our bodies, our forefeet have developed into delicate instruments capable of an amazing variety of subtle and accurate movements. To control the latter and to link them up with impressions from outside received by the eye and other sense organs we have become possessed of a peculiarly complicated nervous system and an exceptionally big and complicated brain. The detachable and exctracorporeal character of the rest of the human equipment has obvious advantages. it is more convenient and more adaptable than other animals' equipment. The latter fits its possessor for living in a particular environment. under special conditions. The mountain hare passes the winter comfortably and safely on the snow-clad hills thanks tio his changeable coat; he would be dangerously donspiculous in the warmer valleys. Men can discard their warm clothing if they move to a hotter climate and can adjust their costume to the landscape. A rabbit's paws are good digging tools, but cannot compete with a cat's as weapons, while feline paws are poor spades. Men can make both tools and weapons. In briedf an animals's hereditary equipment is adapted to performing a limited number of operations in a particular environment. Man's extracorporeal equipment can be adjusted to almost infinite number of operations in almost any environment - 'can be' not 'is'. As against these advantages man has to learn not only to use but also to make his equipment. A chick soon finds itself equipped with feathers, wings, beak and claws. It certainly has to learn their use - how to keep its feathers clean for instance. But this is very simple and will not take long. A human infant arrives with no such outfit and it will not grow spontaneously. The round pebbes on the ground do not in themselves suggest knives. Many processes and stages must intervene before the wallaby's skin can be transferred to the child's back as a coat. Even the simplest tool made out of a broken bough or a chipped stone is the fruit of long experience - of trials and errors, impressions noticed, remembered and compared. The skill to make it has been acquired by observation, by recollection and by experiment. It may seem an exaggeration, but it is yet true to say that any tool is an embodiment of 'science'. For it is a practical application of remembered, compared, and collected experiences of the same kind as are systematized and summarized in scientific formulae, descriptions and prescriptions. Happily the individual infant is not left to accumulate in its own person the requisite experience or itself to make all the trials and mistakes. A baby does not indeed to inherit at birth a physical mechanism or nerve-paths stamped in the germ-plasm of the race and predisposing it to make automatically and instinctively the appropriate bodily movements. But it is born heir to a social tradition. Its parents and elders will teach it how to make and use equipment in accordance with the experience gathered by ancestral generations. And the equipment it uses is itself just a concrete expression of this social tradition. A tool is a social product and man is a social animal. Because it has much to learn, a human infant is peculiarly delicate and helpless, and its helplessness lasts longer than with the young of other animals. The physical counterpart of learning is the storing of impressions and the building up of connections between the various nerve-centers in the brain. Meanwhile the brain must keep on growing. To allow of such growth the skull-bones protecting the infant's brain remain very loosely joined together; only slowly do the junctions (or sutures) knit up. While the brain is thus unprotected it is very vulnerable. Helpless infancy being prolonged by these interrelated causes, if the species is to survive, at least one social group must keep together for several years until the infants are reared. In our species, the natural family of parents and children is a more stable and durable association than among species whose young mature faster. In practice, however, human families seem generally to live together in larger societies comparable to the herds and packs of gregarious animals. Indeed man is to some extent a gregarious animal. In human, as in animal, societies the elder generations transmit by example to the younger the collective experiences accumulated by the group - what they in turn have learned in like fashion from their elders and parents. Animal education can all be done by example; For human infants who have so much to learn the imitative method would be fatally slow. In human societies instruction is by precept as well as by example. Human societies have gradually devised tools for communication between their members. In so doing they have brought forth a new sort of equipment which can conveniently be labelled 'spiritual'." (Gordon Childe, Archeology and History  What Happened in History, Harmondsforth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1942. p. 7-10)

Two general characteristics of the evolutionary process must be kept in mind in any discussion of the origins of human nature. First, because the main directing force of evolutionary change is natural selection, the process of evolution can be described as 'utilitarian'. Secondly, because it is lacking in a sense of prescience (preknowledge) of the future, the process of evolution can be described as 'opportunistic'.

                                                                                            Evolution

Two general characteristics of the evolutionary process must be kept in mind in any discussion of the origins of human nature. First, evolution is utilitarian - because the main directing force of evolutionary change is natural selection. Secondly, evolution is opportunistic - because it lacks a prescience of the future. The theory of evolution through natural selection applies to the human organism - a biological species like any other biological species...known as Homo Sapiens, the knowing (thinking) hominid ... the human species is an exploratory species and a social species...like any other species, the human species has a genetic make-up which determines the instinctive drives for adaptation for survival of the individual and survival of the species...The human aspects of human nature developed because they were of survival value...As with other biological species, evolution of the human species has occurred through the natural selection of those characteristics which confer survival value to the organism. ...improvements in the equipment for living...The human organism has evolved chiefly by improving its equipment for living... in the light of this new evidence - the human organism has evolved like any other biological organism - rephrase the question... "What is the 'nature' of the human organism as a biological organism?"

In l858 Darwin (independently of Wallace) described the theory of evolution in his book entitled 'The Origin of Species' (published in l859). The theory which was supported by the evidence available at the time and continues to be supported by new evidence has remained valid for well over a century. The current version of Darwin's theory is known as the neo-Darwinian theory or 'neo-Darwinism'. Neo-Darwinism is based on a synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution and knowledge of genetics and genetic theory formulated in the 20th century. The neo-Darwinian theory of evolution is based on a synthesis of the theory evolution with the knowledge of genetics and genetic theory which was formulated in the l920s, 1930s and 1940s. According to the evolutionary theory of neo-Darwinism, the organisms which survive to reproduce offspring are those which are best adapted to the given environment. In a process of 'natural selection', characteristics which are of survival value and thus favorable to the species are selected for and passed on to the next generation.

 Spontaneous changes in the genetic material of the organism, called mutations, take place irrespective of the conditions in the organism's environment. If the organism is well adapted to an environment and the environment does not change, the mutations are not passed on to following generations.

Changes in the environment which make those characteristics unsuitable for survival might cause different characteristics which were otherwise unsuitable to become suitable. Any changes in the environment which make those same characteristics unsuitable for survival and reproduction can make different characteristics more suitable.

 If the environment changes and a spontaneous mutation contributes to the adaptability of the organism in the new environment, then that mutation increases the chances of the survival of the organism. The mutation of 'survival value' is 'selected'. 'Selection' of the mutation is a result of its ability to increase the chances of the organism's capacity for survival and reproduction, and its passage to the offspring and succeeding generations.

Irrespective of the conditions in the environment, genetic material undergoes spontaneous changes or 'mutations'. Mutations are passed on if the environment changes and they contribute to the adaptability of the organism and thus increase the chances for survival in the new environment. Such mutations are of 'survival value'. Mutations which are of survival value are selected for in a process of natural selection. Mutations which have no survival value are not passed on. The selection of favorable mutations is a direct result of their ability to increase the organism's chances for adaptation, survival and reproduction. This is the mechanism of natural selection as the driving force of the evolution of species. The mechanism of natural selection in the evolution of the human organism is the same which operates in the evolution of all other biological species. Evolution of the human species occurs through the natural selection of those characteristics which confer survival value to the organism. The genetic make-up determines the instinctive drives for adaptation for survival of the individual and survival of the species. The human species 'homo sapiens sapiens' - the thinking hominid - is a social and exploratory species. Improvements in the equipment for living include the characteristically human traits such as morality of conscience with its intrinsic human or 'spiritual values' and a social brain with its intrinsic potential for social intelligence.

Words are coined to make the different aspects of human nature more accessible to scientific study of the analytic kind. Academic use of the words 'biology, 'sociology' etc. chop up the 'real life' situation. The use of 'cannot' is logical in terms of the academic meanings of the terms used in the context. If the issue or question is discussed in terms of a wholistic perspective, then logically, the word 'cannot' might be substituted for 'can'. It could be argued that the 'social' sciences are basically 'biological' because they deal with the human species, a social animal. The psychological sciences are basically biological because they deal with the psychology of animals...i n a wholistic study of human nature, the combined perspectives of biology, sociology and psychology can aspire to the 'permament truths' that are the lodestone of science...

 ...language chops up the flow of existence. The terms themselves - 'science of ethics,' 'science of values,' 'human nature,' 'science of education' etc. - result in the artifical chopping up of the natural flow of human existence. the use of language delimits inherent possiblilities for discovery. The human organism: human development and human nature

Philosophers ask many more questions than they can answer. There are many instances in the history of both science and philosophy where a question remained unanswered ...was unanswered for centuries until the question was rephrased.... .then all of a sudden it was found that the answer was very simple to find as well... then the answer was discovered easily... Asking a good clear question is one of the most important things...what used to be called Natural Philosophy - philosophy of nature of man - can now be called philosophy/science of human nature...a philosophy/science with humanity... asking a good clear question is the most important...

First, clarify the issues. Clarifiction of a difficult problem is the first step...a great step forward... It might be necessary in the light of new evidence to rephrase the question...avoids much fruitless debate.. clears the air for fruitful work ... and the solution of the problem... Take the old question "what is 'human nature'?"

In the evolution of the human species ..the human organism depends on three types of equipment... practical, physiological and spiritual.... practical equipment (tools ...applied science) to survive in a physical environemt, physiological equipment (brain, hands and the senses) to invent the practical equipment and to learn how to use it, physiological and spiritual equipment for comunication required for coherence with other members of the species for work and for defense (social brain for social intelligence and conscience for morality) . ...survival of the human species depends on the long period of spiritual growth in infancy and childhood... science or knowledge is required for survival... ...Through its equipment for living the human organism reacts to the external world... adapting to the physical and social environment and even adjusting the environment to its own needs. equipment for communication ...language .. product of language is culture.... individual in cultural context...normal psychological development ...thwarted psychological development ...perception of 'reality' as level of consciousness ...morality as a spiritual tool for living....the scientific study of human nature could be incorporated into a contemporary version of what used to be called Natural Philosophy.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD ACCOUNTS FOR THE VALUE OF ERROR AND THE VALUE OF DOUBT control error... be aware of error and check for error to decrease chances of distortion of reality. Scientific reality is a measure of the awareness of error... show positive interest in errors ... the awareness of error guarantees scientific objectivity. Decisiveness of character results from the ability to recognize error... become aware of error and to correct for error... recognize one's mistakes. Progress comes from freedom to recognize and correct error... Denial of error divides human beings. Admission of errors serves to link human beings in fellowship. In science, errors must remain impersonal and amenable to control - principle of 'control of error'

model of human nature: human nature - growth - change levels of consciousness etc. A systematic study of human nature represents a 'philosophy of nature', rather than a 'science of nature'. A 'science of man' represents a philosophy rather than a science. As a philosophy, the science of man involves the construction of a model of human nature. The concept of a 'science of man' - the construction of a model of human nature rests upon the premise that there is a human nature which is characteristic of the human species. For the human organism, adjustment to the environment depends on the ability to control and evaluate perceptions, and to extract information which is necessary for survival.

THE COMMON BASIS FOR THE VARIOUS FACETS OF the nature of the human organism IS THE BIOLOGICAL instinct for SURVIVAL - SURVIVAL OF THE ORGANISM AND SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES.

 SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON THINKING AND INTELLIGEN

                                          HUMAN NATURE REVEALED THROUGH PSYCHOANALYSIS

 theme: Psychoanalysis is a scientific tool which reveals the characteristics of human nature. 

 "Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.' The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses, psychoses etc. has provided abundant evidence that men's bad and evil behavior results from frustration in his efforts toward self-actualization. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy." (Maslow Psychology of Being, 177)

psychotherapy...

 Significance of psychoanalysis as providing data for the scientific study of human nature "The crucial question to be asked is: can science discover the values by which men should live? I think it can and I have advanced this thesis in various places supporting it with whatever data I could muster ...the data I turn to first are the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy, starting with Freud and continuing up to the present day in most therapies that have to do with discovering the identity or Real Self...'uncovering therapies'...they purport to uncover (more than to construct) the deepest self which has been covered over by bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. All these therapies agree in finding that this most real self partly consists of needs, wishes, impulses and instinctlike desires. These may be called needs because they must be fulfilled or psychopathology 'neurosis' results. Neurosis is a deficiency disease... It is these needs, 'instinctoid' in nature', that we can also think of as built-in values - values not only in the sense that the organism wants and seeks them but also in the sense that they are both good and necessary for the organism. It is these values which are found, uncovered - recovered, perhaps we should say, in the course of psychotherapy or self-discovery. We may then regard these techniques of therapy and self-discovery as being also cognitive tools or scientific methods (in the sense that they are the best methods we have available today These particlar kind of data.) It is in this sense at least that I would maintain that science in the broadest sense can and does discover what human values are, what the human being needs in order to live a good and happy life, what he needs in order to avoid illness what is good for him and what is bad for him. ...What the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him..." Maslow, A. The Psychology of Science: A Reconaissance. New York and London: Harper and Row 1966 page 114-118

 psychoanalysis as an 'uncovering' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological - instinctoid - core of human nature.

"The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy." (Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177)

This inner core of human nature includes the basic physiological and psychological needs, the inborn capacities and talents, and the biologically based values inherent in the intrinsic yearnings and preferences. The denial or frustration of any of these needs, capacities or yearnings leads to psychopathology which can be manifested as 'evil.'

Providing important data in the search for values, psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process in the efforts of philosophers for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics' - and the basis for formulating a science of education. Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.'

The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses, psychoses etc. has provided abundant evidence that men's bad and evil behavior results from frustration in his efforts toward self-actualization. ..psychoanalysis as an 'uncovering' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological - instinctoid - core of human nature. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy. The techniques of therapy and self-discovery are cognitive tools or scientific methods for scientific research about human nature

Psychoanalytic therapies help the individual uncover the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify... help to expose the roots of biologically based intrinsic values... They help the individual to 'search for his identity'by uncovering the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify..

 An individual's search for identity is essentally a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species.(Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177)

Data is provided by the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy... including psychoanalysis and the so-called 'uncovering therapies' which are involved with the discovery of the real self'.... purport to uncover, rather than construct, the deepest self... covered over by conditioning, bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. What the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of his own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him. The most real self partly consists of wishes, impulses and instinctive desires which may be called needs because psychopathology results if they are not fulfilled.

The characteristics of human nature and the natural valuing process are discovered in psychotherapy. ..psychoanalysis as uncovering natural values.. psychoanalysis provides knowledge of human nature and human values... .. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are the 'uncovering therapies' for self-discovery. ... provide valid data to support the theory of the biological basis for the guiding principles of morality and ethics.

Data from psychoanalysis indicate that human values are biologically rooted within the consciousness of the human organism. The biological principles of morality and ethics are based on inborn biological necessity and basic human needs....'instinctoid' in nature'... guiding values - the built-in or 'intrinsic'values... values which are both good and necessary for the organism are found, uncovered or recovered in the course of self-discovery during psychotherapy... ...children's spiritual growth. ... individual reacts as a whole, as an organism, developing altered orientations and behaviours in response to injury or illness ....noetic or holistic approach to the behavior of the organism as a whole.. 'noetic' (wholistic) human aspects of human nature as selected for in evolution of human organism Biological basis of spiritual life is survival oriented

 The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity. ...development of the individual's intrinsic value system. An individual's value system is the product of the totality of the thought processes within the context of experiences in a changing social environment. The values which form the guidelines for living result from the individual's educational experiences.

DATA OF HUMAN NATURE FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

CONNECTION BETWEEN THWARTED PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROBLEMS OF ETHICS: PROBLEMS OF VALUES AND "ETHICS" - GOOD/BAD, EVIL/VIRTUE ETC. RESULT FROM EGO CENTERED MENTAL PROCESSES. The distortion in perception results from neurosis - a deficiency disease. irrational fears etc. of immaturity. EGO-CENTERED MENTAL PROCESS DICHOTOMIZES AND DISTORTS REALITY:

The findings of psychiatry and psychoanalysis have shown that sound psychological health is measured by the degree to which people relate to other people. ...psychic health and neurosis linked up with ethics... neurosis represents a moral problem.

The failure to achieve maturity and integration of the whole personality is a moral failure

 external systems of values and ethics based on the assumption that human nature is bad, corrupt, evil etc. (the premise 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad'assumption human nature is evil, bad etc.)

A 'SCIENCE OF ETHICS' OR "SCIENTIFIC ETHICS" INVOLVES QUESTIONING THE ASSUMPTION SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: DATA IN SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE ...PSYCHOLANALYSIS AS CONTRIBUTING TO SUBJECTIVE BIOLOGY... DATA FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS ...INNER BIOLOGICAL CORE OF HUMAN NATURE REVEALED BY PSYCHOANALYSIS data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. biology of values, conscience etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems.

Fromm's thesis: "values are rooted in the very conditions of human existence; hence our knowledge of these conditions, that is, of the 'human situation', leads us to estabishing values which have objective validity; this validity exists only with regard to the existence of man; outside of him there are no values."

The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy.

 "As the essential Being of the world is perceived by the person, so also does he concurrently come closer to his own Being, to his own perfection, of being more perfectly himself.

 Subjective biology "The looking within for the real self is a kind of 'subjective biology' for it must include an effort to become conscious of one's own constitutional, temperamental, anatomical, physiological and biochemical needs, capacities and reactions i.e. one's biological individuality. It is also the path to experiencing one's specieshood, one's commoness with all other members of the human species. That is, it is a way to experiencing our biological brotherhood with all human beings no matter what their external circumstances." (185)

 CONCLUSION FROM FINDINGS IN PSYCHONALYTIC THERAPIES: There is abundant evidence from the findings of traditional psyschology that 'evil' human behavior is a result of the frustration of natural human development. data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems. The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, studies of the nervous system replaced the naive models of the psyche with the mechanistic models of 'psychology'. For four hundred years, the study of the human mind has emphasized underlying mechanisms and ignored experiences of feelings and consciousness.

HUMAN NATURE REVEALED THROUGH PSYCHOANALYSIS The crucial question to be asked is: can science discover the values by which men should live? I think it can and I have advanced this thesis in various places supporting it with whatever data I could muster ...the data I turn to first are the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy, starting with Freud and continuing up to the present day in most therapies that have to do with discovering the identity or Real Self...'uncovering therapies'...they purport to uncover (more than to construct) the deepest self which has been covered over by bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. All these therapies agree in finding that this most real self partly consists of needs, wishes, impulses and instinctlike desires. These may be called needs because they must be fulfilled or psychopathology or neurosis results. Neurosis is a deficiency disease...  

"The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy. Psychoanalytic therapies help the individual uncover the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify. They help the individual to 'search for his identity'. An individual's search for identity is essentally a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species." (Maslow Psychology of Being. page 177)

 psychoanalysis can be regarded as a significant source of data in the formulation of a natural 'science of ethics'. Can science discover the values by which people can live a good and happy life... what they need in order to avoid illness... what is good for them and what is bad for them? In other words can science discover how people can achieve the wisdom they need in order to lead a good and happy life? Findings from psychoanalysis can be regarded as legitimate data for formulation of a natural 'science of ethics.' The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses and psychoses provides abundant evidence that the wickedness of human beaviour 'evil' results from frustrated efforts for growth toward self-actualization. ... legitimate tools for scientific research about human nature are the 'uncovering therapies' ... characteristics of human nature are discovered in psychotherapy. Observations from psychotherapy provide data on the behavioural characteristics which emerge as persons become more mature....value directions which appear to be common to all human beings, regardless of cultural influences. They all have in common the tendency to favor the development of the individual himself, of others in the community and to contribute to the survival and evolution of his species... He speculates that with complete freedom to choose his own value directions, the mature human being would tend to live by a valuing process with the following characteristic tendencies: Negatively valued are pretense, defensiveness, imperative behaviour ("I ought"), and concern with expectations of others. Positively valued are an individual's authenticity, self-direction in decision making, sense of worthiness of himself and his feelings, excitement in the process of growth and of potentialites in the process of unfolding, openness to his own feelings, sensitivity to and acceptance of others, deep relationships, openness to all his inner and outer experience and to the realities of the objective world. These and others constitute an underlying thread of commonality observed in human beings who grow to maturity within an environment of respect for their inner freedom and prizing of their individuality. Those objects and experiences which contribute to the individual's own growth and development, and the growth and development of others are naturally valued. In a growth promoting climate, regardless of culture, the human organism seems to prefer goals which contribute to his own self-actualization and socialization. Given the opportunity to grow to maturity in a climate of freedom and respect, the individual would be devoid of conceived values. Making choices and decisions according to his own organismic valuing process, the individual lives by values which facilitate his own survival, adaptation, self-enhancement and the enhancement of the human race. Like other species of the animal kingdom, Homo Sapiens, the social human animal, naturally behaves in accordance with an organismic valuing process which enables him to adapt to his changing social environment -the nature of man. With the recognition of the potential universality of the organismic valuing process of the human being, the perplexing issues of 'values' and ethics could be resolved... connection between the 'science of man' and the 'science of ethics'. An inquiry into the 'science of man' becomes simultaneously an inquiry into the 'science of ethics' and vice versa. ...'values' in the sense that they are both good and necessary for the organism. It is these values which are found, uncovered - recovered, perhaps we should say, in the course of psychotherapy or 'self-discovery'. self-discovery - psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, ...psychoanalysis can be described as an 'uncovering ' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological ('instinctoid)' core of human nature.

This inner core of human nature includes the basic pysiological and psychological needs, the inborn capacities and talents, and the biologically based values inherent in the intrinsic yearnings and preferences. provides valid data to support the theory of the biological basis for the guiding principles of morality and ethics. Data from psychoanalysis indicate that human values are biologically rooted within the consciousness of the human organism. Psychoanalytic therapies help the individual uncover the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally identifies. They help the individual in the 'search for identity'. The search for one's identity is essentally restoring contact with oneself, with one's experiencing, gaining self-confidence with growth, living in harmony with oneself ...a search for one's own intrinsic value system, one's own authentic nature, one's humanness, the human core which one shares with other members of the human species. The psychoanalytic therapies help to expose the roots of biologically based intrinsic values. ... characteristics of human nature are discovered in psychotherapy. techniques of therapy and self-discovery can be regarded as cognitive tools (in the sense that they are the best ...science in the broadest sense can and does discover what human values are, what the human organism needs in order to live a good and happy life, what it needs in order to avoid illness, what is good for it and what is bad for it ...What the healthy human organism chooses, prefers, and values out of its own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for it. The data from the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy have to do with discovering the one's self- identity ... the 'real self'. As therapies which purport to uncover rather than to construct the deepest self which has been covered over by misconceptions and neuroticizing the psychotherapies can be considered as 'uncovering therapies'. They all agree in finding that the most real self consists in a large part of the instinctive human needs. They are needs because they must be fulfilled in order to prevent the occurrence psychopathology or neurosis which is really like a deficiency disease. ...biological basis of morality and ethics... biology of ethics These instinctive needs can also be thought of as built-in values. The built in values are needs in the sense that they are necessary for adaptive living. These needs - the built in values - are uncovered and discovered or rather recovered during the course of self-discovery or 'self-knowledge'. Consequently the techniques of therapy can be considered as cognitive tools or scientific tools for the discovery of human values. In this way science in the broadest sense can discover the values are, ...what the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him.

Psychoanalysis is a scientific tool which reveals the characteristics of human nature.  psychoanalysis as an 'uncovering' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological - instinctoid - core of human nature. "The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy." (Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177)

 The denial or frustration of any of these needs, capacities or yearnings leads to psychopathology which can be manifested as 'evil.' Providing important data in the search for values, psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process in the efforts of philosophers for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics' - and the basis for formulating a science of education. Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a process for formulating a 'science of values' or 'science of ethics.'

The overemphasis of traditional psychology on the pathologies, neuroses, psychoses etc. has provided abundant evidence that men's bad and evil behavior results from frustration in his efforts toward self-actualization. ..psychoanalysis as an 'uncovering' therapy, revealing or exposing the inner biological - instinctoid - core of human nature. The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy. The techniques of therapy and self-discovery are cognitive tools or scientific methods for scientific research about human nature Psychoanalytic therapies help the individual uncover the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify... help to expose the roots of biologically based intrinsic values... They help the individual to 'search for his identity'by uncovering the biologically based intrinsic values with which he naturally prefers to identify.. An individual's search for identity is essentally a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species.(Maslow Toward a Psychology of Being 177) Data is provided by the accumulated experiences of dynamic psychotherapy... including psychoanalysis and the so-called 'uncovering therapies' which are involved with the discovery of the real self'.... purport to uncover, rather than construct, the deepest self... covered over by conditioning, bad habits, misconceptions, neuroticizing etc. What the healthy human being chooses, prefers, and values out of his own deepest inner nature, is also most often good for him. The most real self partly consists of wishes, impulses and instinctive desires which may be called needs because psychopathology results if they are not fulfilled. The characteristics of human nature and the natural valuing process are discovered in psychotherapy. ..psychoanalysis as uncovering natural values.. psychoanalysis provides knowledge of human nature and human values... .. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are the 'uncovering therapies' for self-discovery. ... provide valid data to support the theory of the biological basis for the guiding principles of morality and ethics. Data from psychoanalysis indicate that human values are biologically rooted within the consciousness of the human organism. The biological principles of morality and ethics are based on inborn biological necessity and basic human needs....'instinctoid' in nature'... guiding values - the built-in or 'intrinsic'values... values which are both good and necessary for the organism are found, uncovered or recovered in the course of self-discovery during psychotherapy... ...children's spiritual growth. ... individual reacts as a whole, as an organism, developing altered orientations and behaviours in response to injury or illness ....noetic or holistic approach to the behavior of the organism as a whole.. 'noetic' (wholistic) human aspects of human nature as selected for in evolution of human organism Biological basis of spiritual life - survival oriented The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity. ...development of the individual's intrinsic value system. An individual's value system is the product of the totality of the thought processes within the context of experiences in a changing social environment. The values which form the guidelines for living result from the individual's educational experiences.

DATA OF HUMAN NATURE FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

 CONNECTION BETWEEN THWARTED PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROBLEMS OF ETHICS: PROBLEMS OF VALUES AND "ETHICS" - GOOD/BAD, EVIL/VIRTUE ETC. RESULT FROM EGO CENTERED MENTAL PROCESSES. The distortion in perception results from neurosis - a deficiency disease. irrational fears etc. of immaturity

 Ego centered mental process of neurosis dichtomises and distorts reality

 The findings of psychiatry and psychoanalysis have shown that sound psychological health is measured by the degree to which people relate to other people. ...psychic health and neurosis linked up with ethics... neurosis represents a moral problem. The failure to achieve maturity and integration of the whole personality is a moral failure

EXTERNAL SYSTEMS OF VALUES OR 'ETHICS' ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT HUMAN NATURE IS BAD, CORRUPT... A 'SCIENCE OF ETHICS' OR "SCIENTIFIC ETHICS" INVOLVES QUESTIONING THE ASSUMPTION SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: DATA IN SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE ...PSYCHOLANALYSIS AS CONTRIBUTING TO SUBJECTIVE BIOLOGY... DATA FROM PSYCHOANALYSIS ...INNER BIOLOGICAL CORE OF HUMAN NATURE REVEALED BY PSYCHOANALYSIS

 data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. biology of values, conscience etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems. Fromm's thesis: "values are rooted in the very conditions of human existence; hence our knowledge of these conditions, that is, of the 'human situation', leads us to estabishing values which have objective validity; this validity exists only with regard to the existence of man; outside of him there are no values." The inner biological core of human nature is revealed and exposed by psychoanalysis, described as an 'uncovering' therapy. "As the essential Being of the world is perceived by the person, so also does he concurrently come closer to his own Being, to his own perfection, of being more perfectly himself.

 There is abundant evidence from the findings of traditional psyschology that 'evil' human behavior is a result of the frustration of natural human development. 3. data about true human nature - not evil, bad etc. Change the premise from 'the instinctoid needs of the human being are evil and bad' to the premise ' the instinctoid needs of the human being are good' then ask the same questions and resolve many problems. The basic right of a human being is the right to be human. An individual's responsibility to himself is to develop his humanness. By developing his own humanness the individual is being responsible to the rest of humanity. (Maslow Psychology of Being)

 Psychotherapy There are numerous psychotherapies available to the individual for the treatment of non-adaptive behaviour problems supposedly originating from personality 'deficiencies.' In the major Western traditions of psychology and psychoanalysis, the most common model of psychotherapy utilises techniques based on the Western psychological theory known as 'behavioural science'. The techniques of behavioural science have been developed from empirical methods of experimentation. The model of psychotherapy which is based on behavioural science is known as 'behaviour modification' - so named because it is based on the scientific verification and measurement of behaviour change. An individual's behaviour is believed to be measurable in terms of self-esteem and ego strength - characteristics which are thought to reflect the individual's mental health. In the diagnosis and treatment of behavioural problems, behavioural scientists and therapists focus on pathological conditions which can be identified with very clear overt behavioural patterns and characteristics.  Psychotherapies based on Western psychology have placed the emphasis on analytical techniques and measurability.Although the techniques of behavioural modification psychotherapy are highly effective in the treatment of behavioural problems, they lack credibility.  Since they equate mental health with the so-called 'absence' of pathological behaviour, they ignore other dimensions of an individual's consciousness. They ignore some of the most important aspects of human nature which are the individual's thoughts and feelings. They have excluded the recognition and even acknowledgement of the validity of subjective experience. They do not recognize that the individual has the potential for attaining the level of awareness which is necessary to bring about the self-healing effects of the consciousness. Consequently behavioural science is being disqualified from making any valid conclusions about the human potential for attaining optimal mental health and well-being. A shift in emphasis is presently taking place. Scientists of the various psychologies are investigating the various influences on behaviour and several models for psychotherapy have been formulated. These include 'cognitive behaviour modification', 'humanistic psychotherapy', 'existential psychotherapy' and 'transpersonal psychotherapy'. Cognitive behaviour modification is concerned with the role of cognition in behaviour modification. Humanistic psychotherapy is concerned with growth as well as health and pathology. It is based on a holistic psychology and has as its central aim the achievement of ego goals and development of personality. Existential psychotherapy is based on the existential philosophy which focuses on the individual's existence as a continuous struggle with the reconciliation of life and its inevitabilities. Consequently it is concerned with the individual's search for the meaning of life and the purpose of his existence, the individual's confrontation with death and aloneness, the necessity of the individuals' responsibility for his destiny and choice of opportunities, and the individual's instinctive demands for authenticity. Existential psychotherapy supports the view that we create our own reality by what we believe. If we believe in the 'existence' of the 'higher' values such as love, freedom etc. then we can live our lives in accordance with these values and so experience our connectedness with humanity and understand the underlying unity of all life.The transpersonal model of human nature provides an effective alternative technique of psychotherapy. In the treatment of non-adaptive behaviour, the transpersonal psychotherapist capitalizes on the self-healing capacities of the individual's own consciousness. Instead of focusing on the ego conflicts which cause the behaviour problems, the transpersonal psychotherapist focuses on the person as a whole i.e. 'transpersonal psychotherapy'. Transpersonal psychotherapy is based on the transpersonal model of human nature